Authentication methods
6.2. Authentication methods
The following describes the authentication methods in more detail.
6.2.1. Trust authentication
When trust authentication is specified, PostgreSQL assumes that anyone who can connect to the server is authorized to access the database as whatever database user he specifies (including the database superuser). This method should only be used when there is adequate system-level protection on connections to the postmaster port.
trust authentication is appropriate and very convenient for local connections on a single-user workstation. It is usually not appropriate by itself on a multiuser machine. However, you may be able to use trust even on a multiuser machine, if you restrict access to the postmaster's socket file using file-system permissions. To do this, set the parameter unix_socket_permissions (and possibly unix_socket_group) in postgresql.conf, as described in Section 3.4.4. Or you could set unix_socket_directory to place the socket file in a suitably restricted directory.
Setting file-system permissions only helps for Unix-socket connections. Local TCP connections are not restricted by it; therefore, if you want to use permissions for local security, remove the host ... 127.0.0.1 ... line from pg_hba.conf, or change it to a non-trust authentication method.
trust authentication is only suitable for TCP connections if you trust every user on every machine that is allowed to connect to the server by the pg_hba.conf lines that specify trust. It is seldom reasonable to use trust for any TCP connections other than those from localhost (127.0.0.1).
6.2.2. Password authentication
Password-based authentication methods include md5, crypt, and password. These methods operate similarly except for the way that the password is sent across the connection. If you are at all concerned about password "sniffing" attacks then md5 is preferred, with crypt a second choice if you must support pre-7.2 clients. Plain password should especially be avoided for connections over the open Internet (unless you use SSL, SSH, or other communications security wrappers around the connection).
PostgreSQL database passwords are separate from operating system user passwords. The password for each database user is stored in the pg_shadow system catalog table. Passwords can be managed with the query language commands CREATE USER and ALTER USER, e.g., CREATE USER foo WITH PASSWORD 'secret';. By default, that is, if no password has been set up, the stored password is null and password authentication will always fail for that user.
To restrict the set of users that are allowed to connect to certain databases, list the users separated by commas, or in a separate file. The file should contain user names separated by commas or one user name per line, and be in the same directory as pg_hba.conf. Mention the (base) name of the file preceded with @ in the user column. The database column can similarly accept a list of values or a file name. You can also specify group names by preceding the group name with +.
6.2.3. Kerberos authentication
Kerberos is an industry-standard secure authentication system suitable for distributed computing over a public network. A description of the Kerberos system is far beyond the scope of this document; in all generality it can be quite complex (yet powerful). The Kerberos FAQ or MIT Project Athena can be a good starting point for exploration. Several sources for Kerberos distributions exist.
In order to use Kerberos, support for it must be enabled at build time. See Chapter 1 for more information. Both Kerberos 4 and 5 are supported, but only one version can be supported in any one build.
PostgreSQL operates like a normal Kerberos service. The name of the service principal is servicename/hostname@realm, where servicename is postgres (unless a different service name was selected at configure time with ./configure --with-krb-srvnam=whatever). hostname is the fully qualified domain name of the server machine. The service principal's realm is the preferred realm of the server machine.
Client principals must have their PostgreSQL user name as their first component, for example pgusername/otherstuff@realm. At present the realm of the client is not checked by PostgreSQL; so if you have cross-realm authentication enabled, then any principal in any realm that can communicate with yours will be accepted.
Make sure that your server key file is readable (and preferably only readable) by the PostgreSQL server account (see Section 3.1). The location of the key file is specified with the krb_server_keyfile run time configuration parameter. (See also Section 3.4.) The default is /etc/srvtab if you are using Kerberos 4 and FILE:/usr/local/pgsql/etc/krb5.keytab (or whichever directory was specified as sysconfdir at build time) with Kerberos 5.
To generate the keytab file, use for example (with version 5)
kadmin% ank -randkey postgres/server.my.domain.org kadmin% ktadd -k krb5.keytab postgres/server.my.domain.org
Read the Kerberos documentation for details.
When connecting to the database make sure you have a ticket for a principal matching the requested database user name. An example: For database user name fred, both principal [email protected] and fred/[email protected] can be used to authenticate to the database server.
If you use mod_auth_krb and mod_perl on your Apache web server, you can use AuthType KerberosV5SaveCredentials with a mod_perl script. This gives secure database access over the web, no extra passwords required.
6.2.4. Ident-based authentication
The ident authentication method works by inspecting the client's operating system user name and determining the allowed database user names by using a map file that lists the permitted corresponding user name pairs. The determination of the client's user name is the security-critical point, and it works differently depending on the connection type.
6.2.4.1. Ident Authentication over TCP/IP
The "Identification Protocol" is described in RFC 1413. Virtually every Unix-like operating system ships with an ident server that listens on TCP port 113 by default. The basic functionality of an ident server is to answer questions like "What user initiated the connection that goes out of your port X and connects to my port Y?". Since PostgreSQL knows both X and Y when a physical connection is established, it can interrogate the ident server on the host of the connecting client and could theoretically determine the operating system user for any given connection this way.
The drawback of this procedure is that it depends on the integrity of the client: if the client machine is untrusted or compromised an attacker could run just about any program on port 113 and return any user name he chooses. This authentication method is therefore only appropriate for closed networks where each client machine is under tight control and where the database and system administrators operate in close contact. In other words, you must trust the machine running the ident server. Heed the warning:
The Identification Protocol is not intended as an authorization or access control protocol. | ||
| --RFC 1413 | ||
6.2.4.2. Ident Authentication over Local Sockets
On systems supporting SO_PEERCRED requests for Unix-domain sockets (currently Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, and BSD/OS), ident authentication can also be applied to local connections. In this case, no security risk is added by using ident authentication; indeed it is a preferable choice for local connections on such systems.
On systems without SO_PEERCRED requests, ident authentication is only available for TCP/IP connections. As a work around, it is possible to specify the localhost address 127.0.0.1 and make connections to this address.
6.2.4.3. Ident Maps
When using ident-based authentication, after having determined the name of the operating system user that initiated the connection, PostgreSQL checks whether that user is allowed to connect as the database user he is requesting to connect as. This is controlled by the ident map argument that follows the ident keyword in the pg_hba.conf file. There is a predefined ident map sameuser, which allows any operating system user to connect as the database user of the same name (if the latter exists). Other maps must be created manually.
Ident maps other than sameuser are defined in the file pg_ident.conf in the data directory, which contains lines of the general form:
map-name ident-username database-username
Comments and whitespace are handled in the usual way. The map-name is an arbitrary name that will be used to refer to this mapping in pg_hba.conf. The other two fields specify which operating system user is allowed to connect as which database user. The same map-name can be used repeatedly to specify more user-mappings within a single map. There is no restriction regarding how many database users a given operating system user may correspond to and vice versa.
The pg_ident.conf file is read on start-up and when the postmaster receives a SIGHUP signal. If you edit the file on an active system, you will need to signal the postmaster (using pg_ctl reload or kill -HUP) to make it re-read the file.
A pg_ident.conf file that could be used in conjunction with the pg_hba.conf file in Example 6-1 is shown in Example 6-2. In this example setup, anyone logged in to a machine on the 192.168 network that does not have the Unix user name bryanh, ann, or robert would not be granted access. Unix user robert would only be allowed access when he tries to connect as PostgreSQL user bob, not as robert or anyone else. ann would only be allowed to connect as ann. User bryanh would be allowed to connect as either bryanh himself or as guest1.
6.2.5. PAM Authentication
This authentication type operates similarly to password except that it uses PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) as the authentication mechanism. The default PAM service name is postgresql. You can optionally supply you own service name after the pam keyword in the file. For more information about PAM, please read the Linux-PAM Page and the Solaris PAM Page.